Design Research Methodology_Proposal, Critical Review,Primary Data,Reflection & Recorded Presentation

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6 April 2023 - 6 July 2023, (Week 1 - Week 14) 
Christine Tan Yuen Yan, 0344039 
Bachelor of Design (Hons) in Creative Media (Graphic Design)
Design Research Methodology, RES 60604
Proposal, Critical Review, Primary Data, Reflection & Recorded Presentation








Lecture Notes
Week 1_What is Research

What is Research?
1) To contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding of a particular subject or topic, rather than simply expressing a personal opinion.

2) The aim is to provide a new or improved understanding of a particular problem, identify gaps in existing knowledge, or develop new theories, approaches, and innovations. 

3) Agreeing or disagreeing with ideas or theories may be part of a research paper, but it is not the ultimate goal. 

4) They also contribute to advancing knowledge and understanding in various sectors, give evidence to support decision-making and policy creation, and can result in practical applications and innovations. 

5) Aids researchers develop critical thinking abilities, examine data, and communicate their findings to various audiences.


Fig 1.0. Lecture Notes, Week 1 (6.4.2023) 


Week 2_Problem Statement 

Problem Statement 
1) Define the Problem: Begin by defining the precise problem you wish to investigate. This could be a knowledge gap, a specific issue, or a difficulty that has to be handled. 

2) Provide context: Give readers some background information to help them grasp the situation (numbers, trends, or other pertinent facts) that shows the scope of the problem. 

3) Identify the Scope: Clearly identify the scope of the situation at hand. This might help you focus your research and ensure that you are not attempting to solve an issue that is too wide. 

4) Provide Evidence: Support your problem statement with research and other sources. This can serve to illustrate the significance and urgency of the problem at hand.

5) Explain the significance: Finally, explain why your research is significant and how it can help the field. This can assist persuade readers that your research is worthwhile.

6) 3 to 4 paragraphs

7) If you make a problem statement after researching the initial idea or issue, you cannot ignore previous research to support your statement. 

Fig 1.1. Lecture Notes. Week 2 (13.4.2023)


Week 3_Research Questions & Objectives 

Research Questions
1) Start with 'what' or 'how' questions that are relevant to your research challenge.
2) Make sure your research questions are specific and unambiguous. 
3) Ensure that your research questions can be answered empirically.
4) Avoid asking too broad or general research questions. 
5) Take into account the breadth and feasibility of your study question. 

Research Objectives
1) Begin with an action verb (for example, investigate, evaluate, or propose).
2) Make sure your research goals are explicit and measurable.
3) Ensure that your research objective corresponds to your research questions and research problem.
4) Think about the viability of your research objectives. 
5) Ensure that your research aims are field-relevant and contribute to existing knowledge. 

Fig 1.2. Lectures Notes. Week 3 (20.4.2023) 


Week 4_Critical Review 


Critical Review
1) Critical Review - Process of systematically evaluating a piece of research, such as a journal article, book, or thesis, in order to access its strengths and weaknesses, and to identify any gaps or inconsistencies in the research. You need to conduct a critical review of existing literature in order to inform your research questions and objectives and to identify gaps in the current knowledge.

2) Read the literature: Begin by reading the literature related to your research topic. This may include journal articles, books, and other relevant sources. 

3) Identify key themes and arguments: As you read, identify the key themes and arguments that emerge from the literature. Consider how the authors have framed their research question, objectives, and methodology, and access the strengths and limitations of their approach. 

4) Evaluate the Evidence: Evaluate the evidence presented in the literature, and assess the validity and readability of the research methods used. Consider whether the evidence supports the authors' arguments and conclusions.

5) Identify gaps and inconsistencies: Identify any gaps or inconsistencies in the literature, and consider how your research questions and objectives can address these gaps. This can help you to identify the contribution your research can make to the field.

6) Synthesis of the literature: Synthesis of the literature you have reviewed, and use it to inform your research question and objectives. This can help you to develop a clear and focused research question and to design a study that addresses the gaps and limitations in the existing literature. 

Fig 1.3, Example of how to write a critical review. Week 4 (27.4.2023)


Fig 1.4, Lecture Notes. Week 4 (27.04.2023)


Week 5_Quantitative & Qualitative Research 

Fig 1.5, Lecture Notes. Week 5 (04.05.2023)


Week 7_Primary Data 

Fig 1.6, Lecture Notes. Week 7 (18.05.2023)
Instructions

Research Proposal

Requirements:

  • Research Title 
  • Research Topic
  • Research Rationale
  • Research Problem
  • Problem Statement 
  • Research Objectives
  • Research Questions

  • Summary Research Reflection
  • 2 to 3 from websites and 2 from research articles.


Conducting Research 
I have jotted down procedures that I will cover in order to create a research paper properly and sufficiently in order to ensure the ability to conduct and collect relevant research suited to the key requirements of the above:

  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Results/Headings
  • Conclusion
  • References
Proposal Draft 

Fig 2.0, Proposal Draft in PDF (15.4.2023)


Final Research Proposal 

Fig 2.1, Final Proposal


Feedback:
Week 2
The subject should be changed. 'Artificial Intelligence and Graphic Design'   The topic should surround the research question. Concentrate on learning about how AI and visual design function. Convert into a viable research question. For example, how does AI support and enhance graphic design and how does it work? And figure out what AI technologies are available and how they work. Use a sentence that represents how AI can coexist with a good solution/compromise graphic design to research the topic. Improve the research problem (without focusing on the designer) 

Week 3
  • The research problem should be modified. Not in the form of a question. 
  • Research Questions (discover artwork supported by AI) (What amazing work has been supported by AI?) 
  • There is no need for two questions. 
  • What types of graphic design work are enhanced by AI?
  • What are the changes in how AI supports and improves visual design? 
  • Explain how AI improves graphic design jobs. 
  • Revert the Research Objectives to the same state as the Research Questions.
  • What existing works have been upgraded by AI, in order to identify any artwork that has been enhanced by AI
  • Critical Reviews (Secondary Research) - Secondary sources such as publications and online journal articles (total of five). Make sure the papers are relevant to your study topics and up to date (published within the previous 5 years), then write a critical review and synthesis on these five publications. 
  • Research Synthesis and Analysis
Specific Feedback for improvement after submitting the Proposal 
Hi Christine, below is my feedback for your proposal: The proposal is quite well written, supported by relevant research. The research problem is sound, with relevant examples given. The research questions can be narrowed to 1, e.g. "How does AI support and enhance graphic design?" This is a more researchable question, rather than yielding descriptive answers. Rework on RO to match the RQ. References must be written in APA style and arranged in alphabetical order. You do not have to redo this assignment. Changes are to be included in the Final Report (Assignment 4).


Modernized Final Research Proposal 
Fig 2.2, Modernized Final Proposal

Critical Review
We must rely on secondary data to perform a complete evaluation since it supports our study and helps us answer our research questions and objectives. This can be accomplished by conducting a critical assessment of relevant literature and assessing it in the context of our research problem.

Requirements
  • Critical Reviews (Secondary Research) - Secondary sources such as publications and online journal articles (total of five). 
  • Make sure the papers are relevant to your study topics and up to date (published within the previous 5 years), then write a critical review and synthesis on these five publications. 
  • Summary Research Synthesis and Analysis

Secondary Research 

Article 1: Usage of Artificial Intelligence in Today's Graphic Design by Ezgi Karaata
This paper explores the question of whether AI-powered graphic design applications can match the creativity of human designers and examines the impact of artificial intelligence on the graphic design business.
(Keywords: graphic design, artificial intelligence, creativity and design applications)

Article 2: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Graphic Design Industry.
The analysis examines the primary disciplinary and methodological viewpoints regarding the influence of AI on work and the challenges they encounter when attempting to make predictions. It emphasizes two key factors that shape the advancement and implementation of AI in the economy: the drive for capitalist gains and pressures driven by national interests.

Article 3: Development of Graphic Design based on Artificial Intelligence. 
This paper examines the future trajectory of graphic design through the lens of AI. The analysis focuses on four main aspects, namely the diverse capabilities of graphic design, the incorporation of emerging technologies in graphic design, the cultivation of interdisciplinary talents, and the positioning and advancement of graphic designers. The intention is to offer valuable insights and guidance for the future growth of the graphic design industry by exploring these four dimensions.
(Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Multi-dimensional, Graphic Design, Technological Innovation) 

Article 4: Using Design and Graphic Design with Colour Research in AI Visual Media to convey. 
This article utilizes AI technology to explore colour matching and image application in visual media communication design. Its objective is to introduce innovative approaches to visual media communication design, breaking away from traditional methods of colour matching and image application. 

Article 5: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Graphic Design 
This paper examines the various types of artificial intelligence and highlights its diverse applications. Specifically, it investigates the utilization of AI in graphic design for various purposes. Furthermore, the research discusses the implications of incorporating artificial intelligence in graphic design and explores how this will impact the profession.


Final Critical Review

Fig 3.0 Final Critical Review in PDF (18.5.2023) 


Feedback:
Week 5
No feedback due to is a public holiday 

Week 6
  • Identify the study paper's strengths and weaknesses and criticise it, focusing on your own personal review. 
  • New to the field of study. 
  • Write down your thoughts. (What you know about this paper.)
  • Provide feedback! Specific Reactions 
  • Some parts of the article require more explanation but avoid oversimplification. "Do you think it's a logical arrangement? is it a better flow?" 
  • It depends on whether I want to comment on something essential or help people comprehend something better. However, if you want to remark on the 'Machine Learning Method,' but the information is not useful for researchers, you can give an introduction to it, such as naming some examples (if the content does not match the heading, then give an explanation).
Week 7 
  • Consider the author's surname.
  • The first paragraph is correct. Not required - the citation is unclear and should be changed.
  • Don't use the first person - don't keep referring to the citation as 'the article'. (Author, Year) - no need to quote directions, just use your own words.
  • Cannot read and write at the same time, read the entire paper to get the message. (If it is the same topic, compare their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their weaknesses and strengths) can write both papers individually with one topic) 
  • Section 2 goes through the fascinating part in further detail. The experiments can raise questions such as whether they are capable of making sound judgements by comparing the differences between AI and humans and whether the proposal is feasible.
Specific Feedback for improvement after submitting the Critical Review 
Hi Christine, the following is my feedback for your Critical Review. The selected articles are from the last 5 years and they are suitable for the research topic. The review is descriptive, with some observation of the weaknesses and strengths of each paper and the evaluation is fair. However, the critical review is to be written in one continuous script (not separated as individual reviews), under 1-3 topics that each paper shares in common. I have shown examples in class twice. Please refer to the class recordings (Weeks 5-7). You do not have to resubmit this assignment but make the corrections in the Final Report (Assignment 4).


Modernized Final Critical Review  

Fig 3.1 Modernized Final Critical Review 
Primary Data

For the primary data assignment, we will be introduced to a variety of methodologies, including qualitative and quantitative methods, to collect primary data for our study. All evidence to support data gathering must also be organised. 

Requirements:
- Research Design - Selection and justification of primary research methods, Data collected and analysis of primary research. 

- Summary research reflection. 

Final Primary Data 
Fig 4.1  Final Primary Data 

Feedback: 
Week 9 
Research Question: Rethink the question; it should not be a descriptive question; it should be a question that can be discussed further. 

Visual Analysis: This could be Entertainment Design, Animation Design, or Architecture Design. 

The Research Method was altered to Interview and Visual Analysis. They are more appropriate than surveys. Give a citation for the chosen artwork. The final report allows for changes. 

Week 10
Interview questions must be prepared. 

Week 11
Make it a form for the focus group because it will be a survey. It is necessary to record. Change the word 'better' to something more specific, such as 'convincing'. Contrast AI-produced photographs with images that were not generated by AI. Instead of the original question, focus group question 4,5,6 should ask regarding AI involvement. Question 8 is very wide, it appears unnecessary, and it can be removed if it is not directly linked. Questions 9 to 12 can be omitted or replaced by a short. 

Planning is required:
1) Is it zoomed in or out?
2) Procedure for carrying out this portion. 

For the interview, ask Frame Motion to choose two of their best works and focus on how AI has improved their work. Question 5 should be changed. Question 4 can be left as the final question. Question 3 can be rephrased as 'I noticed this work is done by Frame Motion, would you like to share about the challenging process of encountering when using AI?' 

Specific feedback from Yip Jinchi for improvement after submitting the submission of Primary Data
Hi Christine, here's my feedback for your Assignment 3:
Selection of methods (Interview & Focus Group): Suitable.
Justifications: Not found for focus group questions. Justification needs to be supported by literature, also when describing the methods & relating it to your own research. You also need to describe how you identified the focus group participants. Although Frame Motion Studio did not respond to you, when you justify why you selected them, you should also add a link to their portfolio.
Relevance of implementation: The conclusion should relate back to the research problem.
You do not need to redo this assignment. Improvements can be made in the Final Report (Assignment 4).


Modernized Primary Data 

Fig 4.2, Modernized Final Primary Data. 
Final Reflection Report

Week 11 to Week 14 

Fig 5.0. Final Reflection Report
Recorded Presentation 

Draft Presentation Slides: 


Fig 6.0. Presentation Slides draft. 


Feedback
The design can be enhanced by considering alternative templates. Avoid excessive slide utilization by consolidating distinct research methods. Omit the detailed examination of the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Ensure that the entire presentation can be completed within a time constraint of 5 minutes.


Final Recorded Presentation 

Fig 6.1. Final Presentation Slides. 


Recorded Presentation 

Fig 6.2. Final Recorded Presentation.
FINAL COMPILATION 

Final Research Proposal 


Fig 7.0 Final Research Proposal in PDF. 14.7.2023 


Final Critical Review 


Fig 7.1 Final Critical Review in PDF. 14.7.2023 


Final Primary Data 


Fig 7.2 Final Primary Data in PDF. 14.7.2023 


Final Reflection Report

Fig 7.3 Final Reflection Report in PDF. 14.7.2023 


Final Recorded Presentation Slides


Fig 7.4. Presentation Slides. 14.7.2023 


Final Recorded Presentation 

Fig 7.5. Final Recorded Presentation. 14.7.2023 
FINAL REFLECTIONS
Experience
In conclusion, this study article provided valuable insights into the emergence of AI, designers' viewpoints on its implementation in graphic design, and the utilization of qualitative research methods. Although the paper would benefit from additional supporting evidence and grammatical enhancements, it successfully prompts critical thinking and discourse surrounding the influence of AI on the design field.

Observations 
Throughout the research process, the researcher consistently observed a widespread recognition of AI's potential in various design domains. The utilization of AI development tools has resulted in the expansion and enhancement of individuals' experiences. As the field continues to evolve rapidly, new advancements and applications continually emerge. The study's findings and primary data revealed both the benefits and drawbacks of employing AI in design-related fields. Users and developers emphasized the importance of personalized interventions, clear explanations of AI functionalities, and a focus on user acceptance and engagement.

Findings
The conclusions drawn from the study proposal, critical evaluations, and primary data have provided the researcher with a comprehensive understanding of AI's application in various design domains. These findings have highlighted the potential of AI to enhance user experiences and mitigate accessibility challenges. The study has also illuminated user perspectives, expectations, and the significance of graphic design and interactive design. Additionally, it has brought attention to societal implications, such as the impact of AI on job availability. Furthermore, certain findings have indicated the need for further investigation, including larger sample sizes, diverse participant groups, and longer-duration studies to ascertain the true effectiveness of AI in these contexts.






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